Main article:Foraging is the oldest subsistence pattern, with all human societies relying on it until approximately 10,000 years ago. Foraging societies obtain the majority of their resources directly from the environment without cultivation. Also known as, foragers may subsist through collecting wild plants,.

Hunter-gatherer communities are frequently small and mobile, with social structures. Contrary to the common perception of hunter-gatherer life as precarious and nutrient-deficient, Canadian found that 'with few conspicuous exceptions, the hunter-gatherer subsistence base is at least routine and reliable and at best surprisingly abundant.' Horticulture. Main article:Horticultural societies typically engage in small-scale gardening with simple tools. These methods allow for higher, but still depend on the availability of plentiful, undeveloped land. A common type of horticulture is cultivation, wherein regions of wild foliage are cut and burnt, producing nutrient-rich in which to grow crops. Traditional, small-scale slash-and-burn cultivation – such as that practiced by the in South America – can be efficient and sustainable, with the natural environment eventually reclaiming and reintegrating old garden plots.

Pastoralism. Main article:Pastoralism is the herding and breeding of. Pastoralism is common in arid geographic regions, or those with inconstant and fluctuating rainfall. In such places, raising is often a more reliable lifestyle than farming, and the convert wild vegetation that is indigestible to humans into meat and dairy products. Pastoral communities are generally to accommodate for the needs of their herds as the seasons and the availability of pasture changes. Pastoralism remains fairly popular today, with 21 million pastoralists in and alone. Agriculture.

In this section we start with the mode of subsistence, including how people get their food. Mode of Subsistence. The ways in which food and other material items are procured is called a system of production. Specifically, the manner in which a group produces its food is referred to as a subsistence strategy or mode of subsistence.

Main article:Agriculture is the intensive maintenance and cultivation of land for food production. It is distinct from horticulture in its use of more diverse and complex technology to plant, plow, fertilize, and harvest from considerably larger tracts of land.

Agriculture may also involve raising livestock, with variants ranging from to exclusive. Are often larger and more complex than foraging, horticultural, or pastoral ones; the combination of high and stationary farmsteads enables dense populations and the development of cities peopled with nonproducing specialists.

Industrial Food Production. Main article:Industrial food production is a variation of agriculture common among. It is characterized by even greater, energy intensive use of modern mechanical, chemical, and biological technologies to maximize production.

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Only a small fraction of people in industrial societies are, the rest obtain money to buy their food by engaging in the complex business and service economy. A significant part of the energy cost of industrial food production arises from the packaging and shipping of products to the increasingly consumer base. The energy costs, use, and widespread implicit in many forms of industrial food production have led to concerns about its long-term sustainability as a pattern of subsistence.

References. ^ Haviland, William; Prins, Harald; McBride, Bunny; Walrath, Dana (2014). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge (14 ed.). Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning. Pp. 151–173.

^ Spradley, James; McCurdy, David (2008). Pearson Prentice Hall. Pp. Lee, Richard; DeVore, Irven (1968). Man the Hunter (1 ed.). Aldine Transaction.

Reed, Richard (2009). Forest Dwellers, Forest Protectors: Indigenous Models for International Development (2 ed.).

Pearson Prentice Hall. Pp. 39–52. Peoples, James; Bailey, Garrick (2009). Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (8 ed.). Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning. Pp. 130–133.

^ Barlett, Peggy (1987). 'Industrial Agriculture in Evolutionary Perspective'. Cultural Anthropology. 2 (1): 137–150.

All cultures need ways to produce goods and distribute them for consumption. This is the essence of an economic system. The forms these take vary across the globe and make involve interaction with family or non-family. It many involve work from the home or it may be with a corporation. Some economic systems support the independence of families, while others result in a greater, albeit oft unacknowledged, interdependence. In this section we start with the mode of production, including how people get their food.

Mode of ProductionThe ways in which food and other material items are collected is called a system of production. Specifically, the manner in which a group produces its food is referred to as a subsistence strategy. In a capitalist system, money is the key to production. From the farmer who must purchase land and seed in order to produce food to non-farmers who must have money in order to buy food and other goods, everybody needs money in order to meet their needs.

In kin-based types of economic systems, social obligations fulfill the role of money.The primary focus of this section will be subsistence strategies as they influence other types of behavior. Anthropologists frequently categorize groups by their subsistence strategy, or how they get their food. Through research, anthropologists discovered that the subsistence strategy oftentimes predicted other forms of behavior, e.g., population size, division of labor, and social structure. PastoralistsPastoralism is a subsistence strategy dependent on the herding of animals, particularly sheep, goats and cattle, although there are pastoralists who herd reindeer, horses, yak, camel, and llamas. This does not mean that the people only eat the animals they raise, in fact, some pastoralists only eat their animals for special occasions. They often rely on secondary resources from the animals for food, e.g., blood or milk, or use the by-products like wool to trade for food. Some pastoralists forage for food while others do small-scale farming to supplement their diet.

Like foragers, many pastoralists are forced to live in the world's marginal environments all over the world. References. Bonvillain, Nancy.

Cultural Anthropology, 2nd edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2010. Campbell, Shirley F. “Horticulture.” In Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Vol. 3, edited by H.

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“Haidas.” In Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Vol. 3, edited by H. James Birx, 1126-1134.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2006. Jones, Kristine L. “Squelches.” In Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Vol. 6, 2nd edition, edited by Jay Innsbruck and Erick D.

Anger, 37-38. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. Lavenda, Robert H. Core Concepts in Cultural Anthropology, 4th edition. Boston: McGowan Hill Higher Education, 2010. O'Neil, Dennis.

“Foraging.” Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College. Accessed October 9, 2010.

Rambo, Karl and Paula Brown. “Chimbu.” In Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Vol. 2: Oceania, 34-37. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1996.

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